Philosophy & Society

An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 12 – Ethics 2 (Objectivism) – Part 1: Introduction – Are you on the naughty list?

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This week, we shift from ethical relativism to ethical objectivism, exploring the idea that there might be a moral compass that stands firm in the face of shifting cultural norms. Is there a “naughty list” after all—one not determined by culture or location, but one rooted in universal truths? Objectivism suggests that some things are ethically true no matter where or when you live. Is there a true north we can all steer by? Let’s see if we can find it.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 7: Summary – Where’s the beef?

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As we wrap up this week, we reflect on how we, as humans, are the rule-makers. With no cosmic referee or divine lawgiver, we create our own ethics based on culture, experience, and time. But while this flexibility can be empowering, it also leaves us wondering: Are we building a sturdy moral house, or just rearranging the furniture? The question of ethical relativism has no simple answer. As we continue to evolve, our ethical rules shift with us, and we are still finding our way.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 6: Want to smoke a joint with me?

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Ethical relativism tells us that no matter what the rules say, individuals will always find their own path. Whether it’s following the crowd or lighting up a path of their own, the personal decision-making process is central to ethical life. Tom, Dick, and Harry represent how we navigate rules: from embracing them, to bending them, to rewriting them completely. This is about personal autonomy—even in a society with strict rules, individuals will still make choices based on their values, experiences, and sometimes, a rebellious spirit. Ethics is as personal as it is cultural.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 5: Is there a right way to have sex?

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Ethics isn’t a static list of rules; it’s a living conversation that grows with us. Just like intimacy norms evolve with culture and understanding, so do all ethical systems. What’s acceptable in one era can be considered scandalous in another, and that’s not moral chaos—it’s the sign of ethics responding to human experience. Whether it’s relationships, societal roles, or the acceptance of LGBTQ+ norms, ethics evolves to reflect our growing understanding of fairness, respect, and consent. The rules aren’t handed down from on high—they’re crafted, challenged, and reshaped by the people living them.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 4: Have you ever been to Rome?

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Ethics can be like a local dialect, shaped by culture and history. What’s virtuous in one culture may not be the same in another. Cultural relativism suggests that morality is not universal, but instead grows from the values and needs of the society that nurtures it. It’s not moral anarchy, but an understanding that ethics are contextual—what’s right in one place might be seen differently elsewhere. The most ethical thing we can do in different cultural settings is learn, adapt, and respect the local customs, understanding that ethical rules wear different outfits depending on where you are.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 3: Does this dress make me look fat?

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Ethical relativism challenges the idea that moral rules are universal. Like the trick question, “Does this dress make me look fat?”, the answer often depends on context. The “right” answer isn’t always universal, but is instead shaped by culture, personal connections, and situational factors. This doesn’t mean that there are no moral absolutes, but it recognizes that ethical decisions are sometimes fluid, and the most ethical choice may involve understanding the person asking and the context of the question.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 2: Who makes the rules?

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The question of who makes the rules in a world without God is a fundamental one for ethical relativism. Without a divine lawgiver, morality must come from us – from our communities, our relationships, and our shared needs. Divine Command Theory, which insists that something is good because God commands it, falters because it leaves morality arbitrary and open to manipulation. If there’s no God making the rules, we are left to create them – not because they are divine, but because they help us coexist. Our rules arise out of necessity, and while ethical relativism might be unsettling, it also means we bear responsibility for the choices we make.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 11 – Ethics 1 (Relativism) – Part 1: Introduction – Why be good?

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Why be good? Before diving into rules and commandments, we need to ask: Why bother? Morality isn’t just about rules—it’s about how to live well. Socrates asked not, “What rules should we follow?” but “What kind of life is worth living?” Ethics, for the ancients, wasn’t about being perfect—it was about flourishing, about becoming the kind of person who functions well in the world. Living ethically isn’t about cosmic points—it’s about the kind of person you become when you repeatedly choose kindness, integrity, fairness, and care. The real reason to care about ethics isn’t abstract; it’s because we matter. The way we treat others shapes the world we wake up in, and the way we live shapes who we become.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 10 – God 2 (Atheism) – Part 7: Summary – Heads or tails?

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After everything we’ve explored, there’s no clear answer. No airtight proof for or against God. Reasonable people, standing on opposite sides of the same question, each convinced they’re being honest. At the core, we’re not theists or atheists as much as we are agnostics with preferences. Faith doesn’t need certainty—doubt is its companion. The opposite of faith is not doubt, but knowledge—the kind that closes the conversation. Instead, we engage in abduction reasoning, trying to make sense of incomplete evidence. Some see God in the universe. Others don’t. Different stories, same data. The question of God might not be about solving a math problem but about how we reason, what we fear, what we hope, and the uncertainty we can live with.

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An Introduction to Philosophy (RLL style) Week 10 – God 2 (Atheism) – Part 6: What has God done for you lately?

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We keep looking for proof of God, hoping for a sign, a miracle. But miracles always come with alternative explanations—remission, coincidence, intervention, or just plain luck. What we call a miracle often depends more on what we already believe than on what actually happened. If God is acting in the world, why are the miracles so selective, so personal, and so ambiguous? A God who could make things clear, but doesn’t, begins to look indistinguishable from one who isn’t there at all. Atheism, for some, doesn’t come from hostility, but from exhaustion—from waiting, hoping, and hearing nothing back. Why is evidence so hard to find? And if God doesn’t exist, why are humans so good at finding meaning anyway?

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